Toward Islamic Anthropology

Abstract

I. Introduction
A. The Science of Anthropology
This study is speculative and concerns a difficult and complex subject.
Its task is made more difficult as it defends a metaphysical position, advances
an ideological argument, and serves a moral cause. It will therefore remain
an incomplete part of an on-going process in the debate on key issues in contemporary
Muslim society.
The major task of anthropology' -the study of man-is to enable us to
understand ourselves through understanding other cultures. Anthropology
makes us aware of the essential oneness of man and therefore allows us to
appreciate each other. It is only quite recently in history that it has come to
be widely accepted that human beings are fundamentally alike; that they share
basic interests, and so have certain common obligations to one another. This
belief is either explicit or implicit in most of the great world religions, but
it is by no means acceptable today to many people even in "advanced" societies,
and it would make no sense at all in many of the less-developed cultures.
Among some of the indigenous tribes of Australia, a stranger who cannot
prove that he is a kinsman, far from being welcomed hospitably, is regarded
as a dangerous outsider and may be speared without compunction. Members
of the Lugbara tribe of northwestern Uganda used to think that all foreigners
were witches, dangerous, and scarcely human creatures who walked about
upside-down and killed people by magic. The ancient Greeks believed that
all non-Hellenic peoples were barbarians and uncivilized savages whom it
would be quite inappropriate to treat as real people. Many citizens of modem
states today think of people of other races, nations, or cultures in ways not
very different from these, especially if their skin is differently colored or if ...