The Ideals and Interests in Intellectuals’ Political Deliberations The Arab Spring and the Divergent Paths of Egypt’s Shaykh al-Azhar Ahmad al-Tayyib and Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa
Main Article Content
Keywords
Sociology of intellectuals, cultural sociology, Islam and politics, Arab Spring, Egypt, Ulama, al-Azhar
Abstract
The academic literature equates the Arab Spring politics of Egypt’s two highest official religious figures – the Shaykh al-Azhar Ahmad al-Tayyib and Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa—as “anti-revolutionary.” This article argues that al-Tayyib and Gomaa’s politics are fundamentally different. While Gomaa’s politics are submissive to the state, al-Tayyib’s politics are a negotation without confrontation. I explain the former by Gomaa’s struggle for religious authority either by seeking official positions or obstructing the revealing of information harmful to his religious legitimacy. The statist legitimacy threat against Gomaa is central to understanding his politics. Defending al-Azhar, on the other hand, is what explains al-Tayyib’s fluctuating politics. Theoretically, I advocate that explaining intellectuals’ politics requires focusing on their political deliberation. Only with a methodologically rigorous reconstruction of the intellectuals’ political deliberation and its context, can we decide the relative relevance of factors like ideals, interests, and structures (e.g., the state). I establish this with more than a thousand chronologically ordered primary sources and twenty interviews with people in Gomaa and al-Tayyib’s circles.
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AMASHA: INTELLECTUALS’ POLITIit iCAL DELIBERAtiONS 71
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72 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISL AM AND SOCIE T Y 40:3-4
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AMASHA: INTELLECTUALS’ POLITIit iCAL DELIBERAtiONS 73
71 Nadia Mahmoud Mustafa, ed., Al-Dawla al-Amawiyya.. Dawlat al-Futuhat (Cairo: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1996); Ali Gomaa, ed., Haqaʾiq Al-Islam Fi Muwajahat Shubuhat al-Mushakkikin (Egypt: Al-Ahram, 2002).
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83 Ahmed Hafiz, “Moez Masoud Daʿiya Misriyy Tutariduh Laʿanat al-Izdiwajiyya wa-l-Masalih al-Shakhsiyya,” Al-Arab, July 28, 2018, https://bit.ly/42hdH0S; Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-Mishwar.”
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74 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISL AM AND SOCIE T Y 40:3-4
85 Ibid.; Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-Mutashaddidun | H15 | Sayyid Qutb Ma Lahu Wa-Ma
ʿalayh J2 | U.D Ali Gomaa,” YouTube, April 2, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/
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87 “Hayʾat Tahrir al-Majalla,” Al-Muslim al-Muʿasir, 2020, https://shorturl.at/giWY4.
88 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Qissa ʿan ʿUmar Al-Tilmisani,” YouTube, January 3, 2019, https://
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89 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Ihtifal Al-Tariqa al-Shadhuliyya Bi-Hawliyyat al-Imam al-Muhaddith
Abdullah Ibn al-Siddiq al-Ghumari,” November 11, 2020, https://youtu.
be/Sy7Dk-WiQ1U; Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-ʿUlamaʾ wa-l-Asatidha,” December 19, 2014,
https://bit.ly/44U0q0r.
90 Alhabib ali al jifri, “Halaqa 19: Al-Khitab al-Dini Juzʾ 2|Amant Bi-Allah|Al-Habib
Ali Al-Jifri,” August 19, 2011, https://youtu.be/j9bdLiIdOsg.
91 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Yanfi.”
92 DW, “‘Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun’ Tutalib bi-Damm Dar al-Iftaʾ ila al-Azhar wa-Intikhab
al-Mufti,” Al-Ahram Gate, February 23, 2012, https://gate.ahram.org.eg/
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93 Thomas Bauer, A Culture of Ambiguity: An Alternative History of Islam, trans.
Hinrich Biesterfeldt and Tricia Tunstall (Columbia University Press, 2021); Ovamir
Anjum, Politics, Law, and Community in Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
94 Mohamed Mattawa, “Awwal Liqaʾ l.D.Ahmad al-Tayyib Baʿd Twalli Mashyakhat
al-Azhar J1,” YouTube, March 22, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BN-
9pHZM9TKo; Hussam Tammam, “Hal Yuʿid Al-Shaykh al-Tayyib Zaman al-Azhar
al-Sharif,” Tammam.Org, August 25, 2010, https://bit.ly/3zDNDSX.
95 Al-Tayyib: Al-Azhar Wa-l-Hizb al-Watani Ka-l-Shams Wa-l-Qamar, 2013, https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1QUmOFYqiM.
96 See Nathan J Brown and Ahmed Morsy, “Egypt’s al-Azhar Steps Forward” (Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, November 7, 2013), https://bit.ly/3NJh9dS.
97 Al-Azhar, “Bayan ʿAjil Li-l-Azhar al-Sharif Bi-Khusus Fad Iʿtisamay Rabaa al-ʿAdawiyya
Wa-Nahdat Misr,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, August 14, 2013, https://bit.ly/3O1Kccq.
98 Birnamaj Wijhat Nazar Bi-Tarikh 21/3/2010 al-Juzʾ al-Sadis, 2010, https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=lWKmSuhFORE&t=17s.
99 BBC News ʿArabi, “Birnamaj Fi-l-Samim Maʿ al-Duktur Ahmad al-Tayyib
Shaykh al-Azhar,” YouTube, April 13, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=S1T7kxljT2Q.
100 See Zeghal, “Al-Azhar.”
AMASHA: INTELLECTUALS’ POLITIit iCAL DELIBERAtiONS 75
101 Ahmad Al-Tayyib, “Bayan Ham Min Al-Azhar al-Sharif Bi-Shaʾn Takfir al-Muslimin,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, July 1, 2013, https://bit.ly/3Mwx6Tq.
102 See Daniel Crecelius, “Al-Azhar in the Revolution,” Middle East Journal 20, no. 1 (1966): 31–49; Zeghal, “Al-Azhar.”
103 Mohamed Mattawa, “Awwal.”
104 Huda Abu Bakr, “Al-Talaba al-Mafsulun Min al-Azhar: Raʾis al-Jamiʿa Ahmad al-Tayyib Qal Lana: Law al-Amn Has in Ana Shakhsiyyan Khatar Hayshilni Min Makani,” Sawt Al-Umma, March 12, 2007, https://bit.ly/3g4Xci1; Egynews, “Wijhat Nazar 21/3/2010- al-Duktur\ Ahmad al-Tayyib-al-Juzʾ al-Rabiʾ,” YouTube, March 21, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-MgTLd_Yj0.
105 Muhammad Al-Bidiwi, “Al-Shaykh Usama al-Azhary: Nurid Ihyaʾ al-Manhaj al-Azhari Wa-Iʿadat Taʾhil al-Khitab al-Daʿawi Fi al-Masajid.. Wa-Misr Baʿd al-Thawra Fi Halat Suyula.. Wa-Yajib Mudaʿafat Tamwil al-Azhar Li-40 Milyar,” Youm7, October 6, 2011, http://www.youm7.com/507153.
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107 Haytham Saʿd al-Din, “Nanfarid Bi-Nashr al-Nas al-Kamil Li-Mashruʿ Qarar Li-l-ʿAskari Bi-Tashkil Hayʾat Kibar al-ʿUlamaʾ,” Ahram Gate, June 27, 2012, https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/225126.aspx.
108 Luiz Sanchez, “Free Egyptians Party Support Al-Azhar Defence Front,” Daily News Egypt, January 22, 2013, https://bit.ly/3zAyKkh.
109 Egyptian Constitution, 2012, https://bit.ly/3xEsd6y.
110 123mosol, “Borhamy Azhar,” YouTube, April 27, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRTvPXzBvjU.
111 BBC, “Al-Azhar Yansahib min Lajnat Wadʾ al-Dustur al-Misri,” March 29, 2012, https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2012/03/120329_egypt_azhar_withdraws.
112 Luʾay ʿAli, “Ghadab Azhari Min Tarashih ‘Muhammad Yusri’ Li-Haqibat al-Awqaf.. Niqabat al-Aʾimma: Tawajjuhuh Salafi Yukhalif Manhaj al-Azhar.. Wa-Sabaq An Ittaham al-Muʾassasa al-Diniyya Bi-l-Fasad..Wa-Bisababih Istaqal Farid Wasil Min Jamʿiyyat al-Huquq Wa-l-Islah,” Youm7, July 29, 2012, http://www.youm7.com/743803; Gianluca P. Parolin, “Shall We Ask Al-Azhar? Maybe Not: Lessons from the Ṣukūk Bill Incident,” Middle East Law and Governance 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 212–35, doi:10.1163/18763375-00702002; Husayn, “Yakshif.”
113 123mosol, “Borhamy”; Qanat Salim ʿAzzuz, “Al-Shaykh ʿIsam Talima4-4: Khutabaʾ al-Masajid Bi-Madinat Nasr Man Zakku al-Sisi.. Kan Yusalli Khalfahum,” YouTube, April 17, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMgFSk2vbi0; Ranya Rabiʿ Al-ʿAbd, “Mutalabat bi-Iqalat Shaykh al-Azhar baʿd Isabat Miʾat min Tullabih bi-l-Tasammum,” Al-Akhbar, April 3, 2013, https://al-akhbar.com/Arab/48742.
76 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISL AM AND SOCIE T Y 40:3-4
114 Luʾay ʿAli, “‘Al-Azhar’ Yarudd ʿala ‘Safwat Hijazi’: Allahum La Tuʾakhidhna Bi-Ma
Faʿal al-Sufahaʾ Minna.. Wa-Yasifuh Bi-”Mutamassih Bi-l-Thawra Wa-Mutallawin”..
Wa-Yushaddid ʿala Wujub al-Tasaddi Li-Man Yastakhdim al-ʿUnf Fi al-Muʿarada..
Wa-l-Azhar Awwal Man Qal an Dahaya al-Thawra Shuhadaʾ,” Youm7, June 23,
2013, https://bit.ly/2PggN5v; Sada Elbalad, “Safwat Hijazi: Shaykh al-Azhar Huwa
Min Aham Aʿdaʾ al-Thawra,” YouTube, June 25, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=pFjjP6HpXD4.
115 Al-Araby, “‘Tasrib Fidyu Ibahi’… Hall Yuʿaqib al-Nizam al-Misri Khaled Youssef?,”
January 15, 2019, https://bit.ly/3LRthtP.
116 Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death (Harvard University Press, 1982).
7 Jerome Karabel, “Towards a Theory of Intellectuals and Politics,” Theory and Society 25, no. 2 (1996): 205–33.
8 Masooda Bano and Hanane Benadi, “Regulating Religious Authority for Political Gains: Al-Sisi’s Manipulation of al-Azhar in Egypt,” Third World Quarterly 39, no. 8 (2017): 1604–21, doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1369031.
9 Jeffrey C. Alexander, “Dramatic Intellectuals,” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 29, no. 4 (December 2016): 343, doi:10.1007/s10767-016-9240-8.
10 Bano and Benadi, “Regulating,” 13.
11 Pierre Bourdieu, Homo Academicus, trans. Peter Collier (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988); Ivan Szelenyi and Bill Martin, “The Three Waves of New Class Theories,” Theory and Society 17, no. 5, (1988): 645–67.
12 Jeffrey C. Alexander, The Meanings of Social Life: A Cultural Sociology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
AMASHA: INTELLECTUALS’ POLITIit iCAL DELIBERAtiONS 69
13 Amr Osman, “Past Contradictions, Contemporary Dilemmas: Egypt’s 2013 Coup and Early Islamic History,” Digest of Middle East Studies 24, no. 2 (September 2015): 307, doi:10.1111/dome.12071.
14 Lyn Spillman and Michael Strand, “Interest-Oriented Action,” Annual Review of Sociology 39 (2013): 98, doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150019.
15 Ivan Ermakoff, Ruling Oneself Out: A Theory of Collective Abdications, Politics, History, and Culture (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008).
16 C. Wright Mills, “The Powerless People: The Social Rôle of the Intellectual,” Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors 31, no. 2 (1945): 231, doi:10.2307/40221218.
17 Mohammad Fadel, “Islamic Law and Constitution-Making: The Authoritarian Temptation and the Arab Spring,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 53, no. 2 (2016): 498, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2711859.
18 Teun A. van Dijk, “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis,” Discourse & Society 4, no. 2 (April 1993): 249–83, doi:10.1177/0957926593004002006.
19 Tamir Moustafa, “Conflict and Cooperation between the State and Religious Institutions in Contemporary Egypt,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (2000): 3–22.
20 Malika Zeghal, “Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952-94),” International Journal of Middle East Studies 31, no. 3 (1999): 371–99.
21 Ebrahim Moosa, “Political Theology in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring,” in The African Renaissance and the Afro-Arab Spring, ed. Charles Villa-Vicencio, Erik Doxtader, and Ebrahim Moosa (Georgetown University Press, 2015), 114–16; Osman, “Contradictions”; Mutaz Al-Khatib, “Al-Faqih wa-l-Dawla fi al-Thawarat al-ʿArabiyya: Muʿdilat al-Faqih fī Zil al-Dawla al-Wataniyya al-Haditha,” Tabayyun 3, no. 9 (2014): 63–84.
22 Kalimat Shaykh Al-Azhar al-Imam al-Akbar Ahmad al-Tayyib Li-l-Shaʿb al-Misri, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWcU9qTKXo4; Hani Dawah, “Al-Fidyu al-Kamil Li-Kalimat al-Shaykh Ali Gomaa Amam al-Sisi Wa-Qiyadat al-Jaysh,” YouTube, October 10, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxm8w-yVyH8.
23 Ahmad Al-Tayyib, “Al-Azhar Declaration in Support of the Arab People,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, October 30, 2011, https://www.azhar.eg/en/Islam/Worship/details2/ArtMID/12191/ArticleID/45913/Support-of-the-Arab-People.
24 Muhammad Waʾil, “107 Min Ulama Al-Umma Yusdirun Bayanan Wa-Fatwa Bi-Shaʾn Ahdath Suriya,” Islam Today, February 7, 2012, https://bit.ly/40BpAhj.
25 Muhamad Rofiq Muzakkir, “Understanding the Discourse of ‘Alī Jum’Ah on the Military Coup during the Arab Spring in Egypt,” Ilahiyat Studies 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 229–63, doi:10.12730/13091719.2019.102.196.
70 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISL AM AND SOCIE TY 40:3-4
26 R0llanza, “Al-Mufti ʿAli Gomaa Yuharrid ʿala Qatl al-Thuwwar,” YouTube, October 21, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiCG2Ra_b4Y&t=2s.
27 Hani Dawah, “Al-Fidyu”; On the Arab Revolutions, “’Ali Gomaa’s Message to Egyptian Security Forces Delivered Prior the 2013 Rabaa Massacre Part 1 of 2,” YouTube, September 21, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCQqrryBy1E; On the Arab Revolutions, “‘Ali Gomaa’s Message to Egyptian Security Forces Delivered Prior the 2013 Rabaa Massacre Part 2 of 2,” YouTube, September 21, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIGYRu6thyg.
28 Al-Jazeera, “Ali Gomaa Yanfi Tawjih Kalamuh li-l-Ikhwan,” October 11, 2013, https://bit.ly/3p7KxTI.
29 Usaama Al-Azami, Islam and the Arab Revolutions: The Ulama Between Democracy and Autocracy (C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 2021), 232.
30 Ali Gomaa, “Al-Huquq al-Siyasiyya fi al-Islam,” Al-Masry al-Youm, July 7, 2011, https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/208988.
31 Ali Gomaa, “Hukm al-Muzaharat wa-l-Iʿtisamat,” Dr Ali Gomaa, 2016, https://bit.ly/2Qe6KOS; Dar al-Iftaʾ al-Misriyya, “Ma Al-Hukm al-Sharʿi Fi al-Muzaharat Wa-l-Ihtijajat Wa-l-Iʿtisamat?,” Facebook, November 27, 2012, https://archive.org/details/
20210512_20210512_1153.
32 MENA, “Ali Gomaa: Rafd al-Ahzab al-Islamiyya Qard al-Naqd al-Dawli ‘lays lah ma Yubariruh,’” Al-Masry al-Youm, September 13, 2012, https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/163359.
33 Muhammad ʿAbd al-Khaliq, “Al-Tahtawi: Shaykh al-Azhar Haddad Bi-l-Istiqala Iza Taʿarrad Amn al-Dawla Li-l-Qaradawi,” Al-Ahram Gate, February 16, 2011, https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/40717.aspx. The State Security Investigative Service (known as State Security or Amn al-Dawla) is an intelligence organization tied to the Egyptian Interior Ministry, known for violations of human rights.
34 ʿImad al-Din Husayn, “Shaykh al-Azhar Yakshif Hakikat Maʿarikih maʿ al-Jamaʿa: Istiqalati Kanat fi Jaybi Tuwal ʿAhd al-Ikhwan,” Shorouk, December 31, 2014, https://bit.ly/3rmYgkW.
35 Raihan Ismail, “The Shaykh and the President: The Political Contest over Egypt’s Religious Sphere,” Opinion, ABC Religion & Ethics, (September 8, 2020), https://www.abc.net.au/religion/political-contest-over-egypt-religious-sphere/12641376.
36 TNA, “Shaykh al-Azhar: Al-Matalib al-ʿAdila La Tubarrir al-Fawda,” January 31, 2011, http://www.taghribnews.com/vdciuwap.t1avz2csct.html.
37 Shakhsiyyat Misr, “Bayan Shaykh Al-Azhar ʿan Ahdath al-Haras al-Jumhuri,” YouTube, September 25, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMKpwTo86F8.
38 Ahmad Al-Tayyib, “Shaykh Al-Azhar Yastankir Wa-Bishidda Suqut Aʿdad Min al-Shuhadaʿ Dahaya Ahdath al-Manassa,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, July 27, 2013, https://bit.ly/3O3jRL9.
AMASHA: INTELLECTUALS’ POLITIit iCAL DELIBERAtiONS 71
39 Al-Azhar, “Bayan Al-Azhar al-Sharif Hawl al-Wadʿ al-Rahin,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, July 6, 2013, https://bit.ly/3O3k8xF.
40 Ahmad Al-Bihiri, “Bayan li-”al-Azhar”: ‘Al-Tayyib’ Lam Yatatarrak li-Tawsif ‘30 Yunyu’ fi Liqaʾih Wafdan min al-Shabab,” Al-Masry al-Youm, July 23, 2013, https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/239559; Al-Azhar, “Nass Fadilat Al-Imam al-Akbar Hawl al-Ahdath al-Jariya Bi-Tarikh 17 Aghustus 2013,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, August 18, 2013, https://bit.ly/3xCbHUC.
41 David H. Warren, “Cleansing the Nation of the ‘Dogs of Hell’: ʿAli Jumʿa’s Nationalist Legal Reasoning in Support of the 2013 Egyptian Coup and Its Bloody Aftermath,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 03 (August 2017): 469, doi:10.1017/S0020743817000332.
42 Fadel, “Constitution-Making.”
43 Masooda Bano, “At the Tipping Point? Al-Azhar’s Growing Crisis of Moral Authority,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 4 (November 2018): 715–34, doi:10.1017/S0020743818000867.
44 Mary Beinecke Elston, “Reviving Turāth: Islamic Education in Modern Egypt” (PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 2020), 259, https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37365713.
45 The post is no longer available online and I obtained this information from an interviewee who saw the post and was so close to these circles. What confirms this, however, is a post on Gomaa’s official page that asked people not to believe that student.
46 Taʾbin Al-Shahid Emad Effat Min al-Jamiʾ al-Azhar, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NND0IEJvGs.
47 Elston, “Turāth,” 243.
48 May Fahmi, “Bi-l-Fidyu Wa-l-Suwar Ali Gomaa Yusharik Fi Mubadarat ‘Lamm al-Shaml’.. Wa-Yuʾakkid Ann al-Damm Kullah Haram,” Sada Elbalad, July 9, 2013, https://www.elbalad.news/551173; Ali Gomaa Yuwajjih Risala Li-Jamaʿat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4UTYkHGnvo.
49 On the Arab Revolutions, “Part 2 of 2.”
50 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Yuqal Annak Abaht Dimaʾ Al-Mutazahrin Wa-Talabt al-Jaysh al-Misri Bi-Dhalik Fa-Qult Lahum ‘Idrab Fi-l-Malyan’ U.D\ Ali Gomaa,” YouTube, March 4, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNprN6ddA8Y.
51 Basma Abdel Aziz, Satwat al-Nass: Khitab al-Azhar wa-Azmat al-Hukm, Kindle (Giza, Egypt: Sefsafa Publishing House, 2016).
52 Al-Azhar, “Al-Wadʿ.”
53 CNN, “Al-Natiq b-Ism al-Azhar wa-ʿAmr Musa bi-Maydan al-Tahrir,” AlMasdar Online, February 4, 2011, https://almasdaronline.com/articles/60079.
54 Husayn, “Yakshif.”
72 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISL AM AND SOCIE T Y 40:3-4
55 Al-Azhar, “Tawdih Al-Markaz al-Iʿlami Bi-l-Azhar al-Sharif Taʿliqan ʿala Fatwa D.
Yusuf al-Qaradawi,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, July 9, 2013, https://bit.ly/3mwuHNZ.
56 Al-Azhar, “Al-Azhar Yarfud Isqat ʿUdwiyyat al-Qaradawi Min Hayʾat Kibar al-ʿUlama,”
Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, August 4, 2013, https://bit.ly/3HbaW8f.
57 Walid ʿAbd al-Rahman, “Al-Azhar Yuqil al-Qaradawi min “Hayʾat Kibar al-ʿUlamaʾ,”
Al-Sharq al-Awsat, December 11, 2013, https://aawsat.com/home/article/12703.
58 WAllah A3lm, “Wa-Allah Aʿlam | Al-Duktur Ali Gomaa Yatahaddth ʿan Fadl
Thawrat 30 Yunuyu Wa-Yatanabbaʾ Bi-Suqut al-Ikhwan | al-Juzʾ al-Awwal,”
YouTube, June 30, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mlf-sNOFESA; eXtra
news, “Hiwar Maʿ Fadilat Al-Duktur Ali Gomaa Wa-Shahadatuh ʿan al-Ikhwan
Khilal 30 Yunyu Fi-al-Shahid-al-Juzʾ al-Thani,” accessed June 21, 2023, https://youtu.
be/7iKOqqV3nAc.
59 Walid ʿAbd al-Rahman, “Talasun Bayn Mufti Masr Wa-Raʾis Ittihad al-
Muslimin Hawl Murashshahi al-Riʾasa,” Al-Sharq al-Awsat, June 16, 2012, https://
bit.ly/3xk9tb5.
60 Wahid Raʾfat, “Ali Gomaa Mufti Al-Diyar al-Misriyya Abah al-Sala Bi-Badlat al-Raqs
Wa-l-Istihmam Bi-l-Laban,” Al-Maydan, March 23, 2006, https://bit.ly/2Rljzr4.
61 Houjazkarr, “Kayf Tusbih ʿAliman ʿala Al-Tariqa al-Wahhabiyya ? (Al-Amr Basit Li-l-
Ghaya),” YouTube, July 28, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJrvzfZzWZg.
62 Saif Abdelfattah, “Shuyukh al-Sultan Lisan al-Tughyan.. Mafahim Multabisa (56),”
Arabi 21, June 20, 2023, https://arabi21.com/story/1519748/.
63 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-Juzʾ al-Thani Min Birnamij al-ʿAsima,” YouTube, August 12, 2013,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVmgdSq8X9s.
64 Al-Azami, Revolutions, 137.
65 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Yuqal.”
66 Dr Ali Gomaa, “U.D Ali Gomaa Yakshif Li-Awwal Marra ʿan Kawalis Ziyaratihi
Li-l-Quds al-Sharif,” YouTube, July 22, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=udWvTc_P0qQ.
67 Bano and Benadi, “Regulating.”
68 Asmahan Soliman, “How Al-Azhar’s Grand Imam Survived the Constitutional
Amendments,” Mada Masr, April 11, 2019, https://bit.ly/3KZBtry; Al-Araby, “Al-Sisi
Yusdir Qarar Yamnahuhu Salahiyyat Ikhtiyar al-Mufti Munfaridan,” August 11, 2021,
https://bit.ly/3HcvQVF.
69 Tanweer Clips, “Awwal Marra Al-Jifri Yatakallam Bi-l-Tafsil ʿan al-Ikhwan Wa-Qatla
Rabaa Wa-Khuruj Mursi,” YouTube, March 2, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=pLTdeq61gr4.
70 Alhabib Ali Al-Jifri, “Marra Ukhra Hawl Fatwa Shaykhina Fadilat Al-Allama Ali
Gomaa Hafizah Allah,” Facebook, August 26, 2013, https://www.facebook.com/
alhabibali/photos/a.222106194496035/618636441509673.
AMASHA: INTELLECTUALS’ POLITIit iCAL DELIBERAtiONS 73
71 Nadia Mahmoud Mustafa, ed., Al-Dawla al-Amawiyya.. Dawlat al-Futuhat (Cairo: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1996); Ali Gomaa, ed., Haqaʾiq Al-Islam Fi Muwajahat Shubuhat al-Mushakkikin (Egypt: Al-Ahram, 2002).
72 Minya Online, “D.Muhammad ʿImara Yufhim Ali Gomaa Wa-Fatwa Qatl al-Mutazahirin,” YouTube, August 25, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lT_Fu_NfzPQ&t=393s.
73 Nadia Mustafa, “Man alladhi Yuwazzif al-Din fi al-Siyasa?,” RNN, September 26, 2013, https://rassd.news/72923.htm.
74 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Film Al-Mishwar | Hawl Fadilat U.D. Ali Gomaa,” YouTube, May 18, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvxSK5-LDeo.
75 AlMasry AlYoum, “Iftar Al-Ikhwan.. Al-Furaqaʾ Hawl Maʾida Wahida,” YouTube, August 7, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAplMCNVi50; ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Jawwad, “Munasirun li-l-Mufti Gomaa Yudashshinun Hamla ʿala ‘Facebook’ li-l-Tamdid lah,” Alrai Media, December 22, 2012, https://www.alraimedia.com/article/369971.
76 “Al-Siddiqiyya al-Shadhuliyya,” n.d., https://siddiqiya.com.
77 Dr Ali Gomaa, “U.D. Ali Gomaa Mufti Misr al-Sabiq Yanfi Iftaʾah Bi-Qatl al-Mutazahirin,” Facebook, August 22, 2013, https://www.facebook.com/DrAliGomaa/photos/a.10151817027930144/10153132941590144/.
78 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Yuqal.”
79 Muhammad al-Ibyari, “Taqarir al-Zawaj al-Sirri li-l-Mufti wa-Tahdidat li-Muna al-Shadhli wa-Nusus Mukalamat Zawjat al-Muʿaridin,” Youm7, March 10, 2011, https://www.youm7.com/367013.
80 Dunya al-Watan, “Wathaʾiq Amn al-Dawla: Mufti Misr Mutawarrit fi 10 Zijat Sirriyya,” March 6, 2011, https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/03/06/170572.html.
81 Luʾay ʿAli, “Al-Duktur Ali Gomaa Mufti al-Jumhuriyya: Al-Dawla al-Madaniyya Hiya Allati Tatawafaq Maʿ al-Shariʿa al-Islamiyya.. Wa-l-Islam Lam Yaʿrif al-Dawla al-Diniyya,” Youm7, April 29, 2011, http://www.youm7.com/400443.
82 Mufti Egypt, “Mesyar Dr Ali Gomma 0001,” YouTube, June 17, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrcWkwk9fJ8; Abdulrhman Elhadi, “Al-Halaqa al-Thamina ʿAshar al-Zawaj al-ʿUrfi Min Birnamaj Nur al-Haq Maʿ al-Shaykh Ali Gomaa,” YouTube, January 8, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ibh5MDd8m80.
83 Ahmed Hafiz, “Moez Masoud Daʿiya Misriyy Tutariduh Laʿanat al-Izdiwajiyya wa-l-Masalih al-Shakhsiyya,” Al-Arab, July 28, 2018, https://bit.ly/42hdH0S; Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-Mishwar.”
84 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-Mutashaddidun | H38 | Al-Jamaʿat al-Mutatarrifa Allati Tawaladat ʿan Jamaʿat al-Ikhwan J1 | U.D. Ali Gomaa,” YouTube, September 3, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7dtr_FajPk.
74 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISL AM AND SOCIE T Y 40:3-4
85 Ibid.; Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-Mutashaddidun | H15 | Sayyid Qutb Ma Lahu Wa-Ma
ʿalayh J2 | U.D Ali Gomaa,” YouTube, April 2, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=qGK9EEVbOnc.
86 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-Mutashaddidun | H16 | Sayyid Qutb Ma Lah Wa-Ma ʿalayh
J3 | U.D Ali Gomaa,” YouTube, April 3, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=hTI-IB_JP9U.
87 “Hayʾat Tahrir al-Majalla,” Al-Muslim al-Muʿasir, 2020, https://shorturl.at/giWY4.
88 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Qissa ʿan ʿUmar Al-Tilmisani,” YouTube, January 3, 2019, https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVHtPXw1U4w; Dr Ali Gomaa, “H16.”
89 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Ihtifal Al-Tariqa al-Shadhuliyya Bi-Hawliyyat al-Imam al-Muhaddith
Abdullah Ibn al-Siddiq al-Ghumari,” November 11, 2020, https://youtu.
be/Sy7Dk-WiQ1U; Dr Ali Gomaa, “Al-ʿUlamaʾ wa-l-Asatidha,” December 19, 2014,
https://bit.ly/44U0q0r.
90 Alhabib ali al jifri, “Halaqa 19: Al-Khitab al-Dini Juzʾ 2|Amant Bi-Allah|Al-Habib
Ali Al-Jifri,” August 19, 2011, https://youtu.be/j9bdLiIdOsg.
91 Dr Ali Gomaa, “Yanfi.”
92 DW, “‘Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun’ Tutalib bi-Damm Dar al-Iftaʾ ila al-Azhar wa-Intikhab
al-Mufti,” Al-Ahram Gate, February 23, 2012, https://gate.ahram.org.eg/
News/176075.aspx.
93 Thomas Bauer, A Culture of Ambiguity: An Alternative History of Islam, trans.
Hinrich Biesterfeldt and Tricia Tunstall (Columbia University Press, 2021); Ovamir
Anjum, Politics, Law, and Community in Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
94 Mohamed Mattawa, “Awwal Liqaʾ l.D.Ahmad al-Tayyib Baʿd Twalli Mashyakhat
al-Azhar J1,” YouTube, March 22, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BN-
9pHZM9TKo; Hussam Tammam, “Hal Yuʿid Al-Shaykh al-Tayyib Zaman al-Azhar
al-Sharif,” Tammam.Org, August 25, 2010, https://bit.ly/3zDNDSX.
95 Al-Tayyib: Al-Azhar Wa-l-Hizb al-Watani Ka-l-Shams Wa-l-Qamar, 2013, https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1QUmOFYqiM.
96 See Nathan J Brown and Ahmed Morsy, “Egypt’s al-Azhar Steps Forward” (Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, November 7, 2013), https://bit.ly/3NJh9dS.
97 Al-Azhar, “Bayan ʿAjil Li-l-Azhar al-Sharif Bi-Khusus Fad Iʿtisamay Rabaa al-ʿAdawiyya
Wa-Nahdat Misr,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, August 14, 2013, https://bit.ly/3O1Kccq.
98 Birnamaj Wijhat Nazar Bi-Tarikh 21/3/2010 al-Juzʾ al-Sadis, 2010, https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=lWKmSuhFORE&t=17s.
99 BBC News ʿArabi, “Birnamaj Fi-l-Samim Maʿ al-Duktur Ahmad al-Tayyib
Shaykh al-Azhar,” YouTube, April 13, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=S1T7kxljT2Q.
100 See Zeghal, “Al-Azhar.”
AMASHA: INTELLECTUALS’ POLITIit iCAL DELIBERAtiONS 75
101 Ahmad Al-Tayyib, “Bayan Ham Min Al-Azhar al-Sharif Bi-Shaʾn Takfir al-Muslimin,” Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, July 1, 2013, https://bit.ly/3Mwx6Tq.
102 See Daniel Crecelius, “Al-Azhar in the Revolution,” Middle East Journal 20, no. 1 (1966): 31–49; Zeghal, “Al-Azhar.”
103 Mohamed Mattawa, “Awwal.”
104 Huda Abu Bakr, “Al-Talaba al-Mafsulun Min al-Azhar: Raʾis al-Jamiʿa Ahmad al-Tayyib Qal Lana: Law al-Amn Has in Ana Shakhsiyyan Khatar Hayshilni Min Makani,” Sawt Al-Umma, March 12, 2007, https://bit.ly/3g4Xci1; Egynews, “Wijhat Nazar 21/3/2010- al-Duktur\ Ahmad al-Tayyib-al-Juzʾ al-Rabiʾ,” YouTube, March 21, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-MgTLd_Yj0.
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Nov 13, 2023
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Amasha, M. (2023). The Ideals and Interests in Intellectuals’ Political Deliberations: The Arab Spring and the Divergent Paths of Egypt’s Shaykh al-Azhar Ahmad al-Tayyib and Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa. American Journal of Islam and Society, 40(3-4), 41–76. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v40i3-4.3280
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